Deformation and localization analysis of partially saturated soil

Deformation and localization analysis is a crucial issue and has thus been intensively investigated in the last decades. However, in contrast to solid mechanical problems, geotechnical applications do not only concern a single solid material, the soil, but they also affect the pore-fluids, water and air, and, consequently, the coupling of the solid deformation with the pore-fluid flow. As a result, both the deformation and the localization analysis must be applied to a triphasic material consisting of the soil skeleton, the pore-water and the pore-gas, which, in geotechnical engineering, is known as unsaturated or partially saturated soil. Based on a continuum mechanical approach, unsaturated soil can be described within the well-founded framework of the Theory of Porous Media (TPM), thus including saturated soil (solid matrix and pore-water) as well as empty soil (solid matrix and pore-gas) as special cases. It is the goal of the present contribution to investigate the deformation and the localization behavior of unsaturated soil and to exhibit the influence of the solid–fluid coupling on the localization analysis. In the framework of a triphasic formulation, unsaturated soil is considered as a materially incompressible elasto-plastic or elasto-viscoplastic skeleton saturated by two viscous pore-fluids, a materially incompressible pore-liquid and a materially compressible pore-gas. Assuming quasi-static situations, the numerical computations proceed from weak formulations of the momentum balance of the overall triphasic material together with the mass balance equations of the pore-fluids and Darcy-like relations for the seepage velocities. As a result, a system of strongly coupled differential-algebraic equations (DAE) occurs, which is solved by use of the FE tool PANDAS. In particular, various initial boundary-value problems are treated on the basis of timeand space-adaptive methods, thus demonstrating the efficiency of the overall formulation. Furthermore, the influence of the pore-gas constituent on the material behavior of partially saturated soil is studied with respect to fluid-flow simulations or embankment and slope failure problems. 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.